The Red-backed Fairywren (Malurus melanocephalus) is a species of passerine bird in the Australasian wren family, Maluridae. Endemic to Australia, it inhabits areas near rivers and coastal regions along the northern and eastern coastlines, ranging from the Kimberley in the northwest to the Hunter Region in New South Wales.

During the breeding season, the male dons a striking plumage characterized by a black head, upperparts, and tail, contrasted by a vibrant red back and brown wings. In contrast, the female exhibits brownish upperparts and paler underparts. The male in eclipse plumage and juvenile birds resemble the female’s appearance. Interestingly, some males retain their non-breeding plumage even during the breeding period. There are two recognized subspecies: the nominate M. m. melanocephalus found in eastern Australia, distinguished by its longer tail and orange back, and the short-tailed M. m. cruentatus from northern Australia, known for its redder back.

Feeding primarily on insects, the Red-backed Fairywren supplements its diet with seeds and small fruits. It favors habitats such as heathland and savannah, particularly areas with low shrubs and tall grasses providing cover. While it can be nomadic in regions prone to frequent bushfires, in other parts of its range, pairs or small groups of birds establish and defend territories year-round.

Socially monogamous pairs are common in Red-backed Fairywren groups, often aided by one or more helper birds in raising the young. These helpers, typically offspring that have reached sexuаl maturity but remain with the family group for one or more years post-fledging. The species displays sexuаl promiscuity, with individuals mating with multiple partners and assisting in raising offspring from such unions. Older males in breeding plumage are more inclined towards this behavior compared to those in eclipse plumage. As part of courtship displays, male wrens perform intricate rituals, such as plucking red flower petals and presenting them to females.